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Languages

Languages is an international, multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed open up admission journal on interdisciplinary studies of languages, and is published quarterly online by MDPI. The first issue has been released in 2016.

• Open Admission — free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
• High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), ERIH Plus, and many other databases.
• Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 42.1 days later submission; credence to publication is undertaken in 9.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2021).
• Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their adjacent publication in any MDPI periodical, in appreciation of the piece of work done.

Latest Articles

Open Admission Article

Comparing Iconicity Trade-Offs in Cena and Libras during a Sign Language Production Task

Languages 2022, 7(2), 98; https://doi.org/ten.3390/languages7020098 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2022

Abstruse

Although classifier constructions more often than not aim for highly iconic depictions, like whatever other part of language they may be constrained by phonology. We compare utterances containing motion events betwixt signers of Cena, an emerging rural sign language in Brazil, and Libras, the national sign [...] Read more.

Although classifier constructions by and large aim for highly iconic depictions, like any other part of language they may be constrained past phonology. Nosotros compare utterances containing motility events between signers of Cena, an emerging rural sign language in Brazil, and Libras, the national sign language of Brazil, to investigate whether a deviation in time-depth—a relevant gene in phonological reorganisation—influences merchandise-offs involving iconicity. First, we detect that reverse to what may be expected, given that emerging sign languages exhibit great variation and favour highly iconic prototypes, Cena signers exhibit neither greater variation nor the use of more circuitous handshapes in classifier constructions. We also report a divergence from findings on Nicaraguan Sign Linguistic communication (NSL) in how signers encode movement in a young language, showing that Cena signers tend to encode manner and path simultaneously, unlike NSL signers of comparable cohorts. Cena signers therefore design more than like non-signing gesturers and signers of urban sign languages, including the Libras signers in our written report. The study contributes an addition to the as-yet limited investigations into classifiers in emerging sign languages, demonstrating how different aspects of linguistic organisation, including phonology, can interact with classifier form. Full commodity

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Open Access Article

Does De-Iconization Impact Visual Recognition of Russian and English language Iconic Words?

Languages 2022, vii(2), 97; https://doi.org/ten.3390/languages7020097 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2022

Abstract

Iconic words constitute an integral part of the lexicon of a language, exhibiting form-meaning resemblance. Over the course of fourth dimension, semantic and phonetic transformations "weaken" the degree of iconicity of a word. This iconicity loss is known as the process of de-iconization, which [...] Read more.

Iconic words constitute an integral office of the lexicon of a linguistic communication, exhibiting course-pregnant resemblance. Over the course of time, semantic and phonetic transformations "weaken" the caste of iconicity of a give-and-take. This iconicity loss is known as the procedure of de-iconization, which is divided into iv stages, and, at each sequent stage, the caste of a give-and-take'due south iconicity is reduced. The current experimental written report is the first to compare and contrast how English (Due north = 50) and Russian (Due north = 106) subjects recognize visually presented native iconic words (Due north = 32). Our aim is two-fold: start, to place native speakers' ability to perceive the fine-grained segmentation of iconicity; and second, to command for the influence of participants' native languages. This enables us to provide a more exhaustive analysis of the role of iconicity in word recognition and to combine empirical results with a theoretical perspective. The findings showed that the speakers of these languages are not equally sensitive to iconicity. As opposed to the English-speaking participants, who showed almost similar performance on each group of iconic words, the Russian participants tended to respond slower and less accurately to the words that were higher in iconicity. Nosotros discuss the major factors that may affect iconic discussion recognition in each language. Full article

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Open Admission Article

The Radical Unacceptability Hypothesis: Bookkeeping for Unacceptability without Universal Constraints

Abstract

The Radical Unacceptability Hypothesis (RUH) has been proposed as a way of explaining the unacceptability of extraction from islands and frozen structures. This hypothesis explicitly assumes a distinction between unacceptability due to violations of local well-formedness conditions—atmospheric condition on constituency, constituent society, and morphological [...] Read more.

The Radical Unacceptability Hypothesis (RUH) has been proposed as a way of explaining the unacceptability of extraction from islands and frozen structures. This hypothesis explicitly assumes a distinction between unacceptability due to violations of local well-formedness conditions—conditions on constituency, elective gild, and morphological course—and unacceptability due to actress-grammatical factors. We explore the RUH with respect to classical islands, and extend it to a broader range of phenomena, including freezing, A

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concatenation interactions, null-relative clauses, topic islands, weak crossover, extraction from subjects and parasitic gaps, and sensitivity to data construction. The picture that emerges is consequent with the RUH, and suggests more more often than not that the unacceptability of extraction from otherwise well-formed configurations reflects non-syntactic factors, not principles of grammar. Full article

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Open Admission Commodity

The Seeds of the Noun–Verb Distinction in the Manual Modality: Improvisation and Interaction in the Emergence of Grammatical Categories

Abstract

The substantive–verb stardom has long been considered a key property of human language, and has been constitute in some course even in the primeval stages of language emergence, including homesign and the early on generations of emerging sign languages. We present ii experimental studies [...] Read more.

The substantive–verb distinction has long been considered a fundamental property of human language, and has been plant in some form even in the earliest stages of language emergence, including homesign and the early generations of emerging sign languages. We present two experimental studies that employ silent gesture to investigate how noun–verb distinctions develop in the transmission modality through 2 key processes: (i) improvising using novel signals by individuals, and (ii) using those signals in the interaction between communicators. We operationalise communicative interaction in two ways: a setting in which members of the dyad were in separate booths and were given a comprehension exam after each stimulus vs. a more than naturalistic contiguous conversation without comprehension checks. There were few differences between the ii weather, highlighting the robustness of the image. Our findings from both experiments reverberate patterns found in naturally emerging sign languages. Some formal distinctions arise in the earliest stages of improvisation and exercise not crave interaction to develop. Nevertheless, the full range of formal distinctions betwixt nouns and verbs found in naturally emerging linguistic communication did non announced with either improvisation or interaction, suggesting that transmitting the language to a new generation of learners might be necessary for these backdrop to emerge. Full commodity

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Open Access Article

Synergic Concepts, Lexical Idiosyncrasies, and Lexical Complexities in Bilingual Students' Translated Texts as Efforts to Resolve Conceptual Inequivalences

Abstruse

The purpose of this report is to depict on the conceptual blending hypothesis from the socio-cerebral approach to investigate the conceptually equivalent translation written in L2—English—of bilingual students via two tasks of translating and defining private words and translating texts from L1 to [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to draw on the conceptual blending hypothesis from the socio-cerebral approach to investigate the conceptually equivalent translation written in L2—English—of bilingual students via 2 tasks of translating and defining private words and translating texts from L1 to L2. Next, the study demonstrates how translation abilities that vary amongst groups can affect students' lexical density, lexical diversity, lexical composure, and lexical idiosyncrasies in translated text. The translating procedure in bilinguals could be interpreted via the lens of the conceptual blending hypothesis and dueling contexts framework to demonstrate that bi/multilingual students practice not differ from monolingual ones pertaining to cognitive or linguistic abilities. Rather, the distinctive difference between bilingual and monolingual language users is bilingual speakers' abilities of the third competence of formulating a synergism across give-and-take concepts and utilizing a bidirectional translation between two languages. When a give-and-take in L2 is caused, there is a conceptual blending between the new conceptual information, encoded afterwards each time the L2 word is used in an L2 socio-cultural context and the existing socio-cultural conceptual data in L1. The new concept created afterwards the blending is called a synergic concept. If the synergic is not well developed, the language user selects wrong or inappropriate words in a context, resulting in lexical idiosyncrasies. Information gathered from 30 English–Chinese bilingual academy students in a transnational program in sociology were collected and compared confronting fifteen monolingual American students. The preliminary findings are every bit follows: (1) regardless of the location of where the English (L2) socio-cultural meaning conceptualization mainly takes place (in China or the The statesA.), English language–Chinese bilingual language users demonstrated a significant difference in connotative meaning knowledge of substantive give-and-take concepts and idiomatic concepts, compared with English native speakers; (two) the synergic concepts were detected in all experimental concepts and demonstrated the conceptual blending to a varying degree that affects their translating process and its outcomes: the domineering L1 socio-cultural concept, the well-blended L1 and L2 socio-cultural concept that results in a "third culture", and the assimilating L2 socio-cultural concept; (three) the synergistic blending of two socio-cultural loads embedded in lexical concepts detected in the bilingual students in the U.South.A. was more than robust than those in China, resulting in significantly fewer sophisticated words and lexical idiosyncrasies in their English language translated essays. The study sheds new light on understanding the dynamism in bilingualism via translation tasks to indicate bilingual learners' lexical evolution. Implications for using translation tasks and analysis of word concepts across languages to support bi/multilingual students in language and academic learning are discussed. Full article

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Open Access Article

2 Views of Spoken language Acts: Analysis and Implications for Argumentation Theory

Abstract

Argumentation theorists need to command a clear view of the sources of the obligations that arguers incur, e.thou., their burdens of proof. Theories of illocutionary speech communication acts promise to fill this demand. This essay contrasts two views of illocutionary acts: ane, that they [...] Read more than.

Argumentation theorists need to command a clear view of the sources of the obligations that arguers incur, e.m., their burdens of proof. Theories of illocutionary oral communication acts promise to fill this need. This essay contrasts two views of illocutionary acts: one, that they are constituted by rules, the other, that they are constituted by paradigmatic practical calculations. After a full general comparison of the ii views, the strength of the pragmatic view is demonstrated through an account of the illocutionary act of making an accusation. It is shown that the essential conditions of ACCUSING revealed by conceptual analysis are just what is practically necessary to manage a routine, but circuitous, communicative problem. The essay closes with remarks on the implications of the businesslike view of speech acts for argumentation theory more often than not. Full article

Open Access Article

A Tardily-Insertion-Based Exoskeletal Approach to the Hybrid Nature of Functional Features in Creole Languages

Abstract

The goal of this newspaper is to further our agreement of the nature of functional features in Creoles while focusing on how the functional exponent is morphologically realized, bold a late-insertion-based exoskeletal model in the linguistic communication mixing scholarly literature. In language mixing, information technology [...] Read more.

The goal of this paper is to further our understanding of the nature of functional features in Creoles while focusing on how the functional exponent is morphologically realized, assuming a late-insertion-based exoskeletal model in the language mixing scholarly literature. In language mixing, information technology is observed that words are mixed inside a certain syntactic domain (e.g., DP-NP, VoiceP/vP-TP, etc.). For example, in the nominal domain, a determiner D may be from ane language, and Northward (or a stalk, east.thousand., root + categorizer) may originate from some other language. Grimstad and Riksem suggest that the functional projection FP intervenes between D and N, and both D and F are from one linguistic communication and N from another language. The phonological exponent of the functional features (east.g., D and F) are assumed to be language-specific (i.e., from one linguistic communication), subject to the subset principle. Closer to the instance that concerns the states, Åfarli and Subbarao show that through long-term language contact, functional features can be reconstituted, and the functional exponent tin exist genuinely innovative. In our study, nosotros propose that functional features can be themselves recombined and that Creole languages can provide bear witness for feature recombination either by virtue of their hybrid grammer or through the congruent functional categories they display, using a belatedly-insertion-based exoskeletal model. That is, functional features are not individually inherited from one linguistic communication or another but tin be recombined to class new functional features, allowing a novel functional exponent. To evidence this, we use synchronic empirical information focusing on the inductive marking -ba from Cabo Verdean Creole (CVC), Manjako (one of CVC Mande substrates), and Portuguese (CVC lexifier) to show how the recombination may operate, equally CVC -ba recombines the features it inherited from its source languages while innovating. In sum, the purpose of this study is to show that feature recombination targeting the functional categories of Creole source languages can lead to innovation and that a late-insertion exoskeletal model tin can all-time account for the novel functional exponents that result from characteristic recombination in Creole formation. Full commodity

Open up Access Article

Less Direct, More Belittling: Heart-Move Measures of L2 Idiom Reading

Abstruse

Idioms (e.m., break the ice, spill the beans) are ubiquitous multiword units that are often semantically non-compositional. Psycholinguistic information suggests that L1 readers process idioms in a hybrid fashion, with early on comprehension facilitated by direct retrieval, and later comprehension inhibited past [...] Read more.

Idioms (e.g., pause the ice, spill the beans) are ubiquitous multiword units that are oft semantically non-compositional. Psycholinguistic data suggests that L1 readers process idioms in a hybrid way, with early comprehension facilitated by direct retrieval, and afterward comprehension inhibited by factors promoting compositional parsing (eastward.grand., semantic decomposability). In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated the role of direct retrieval and compositional assay when idioms are read naturally in sentences in an L2. Thus, French–English bilingual adults with French as their L1 were tested using English sentences. For idioms in approved form, Experiment 1 showed that prospective verb-related decomposability and retrospective noun-related decomposability guided L2 readers towards bottom-up figurative pregnant access over unlike time courses. Direct retrieval played a bottom role, and was mediated by the availability of a congruent "cognate" idiom in the readers' L1. Next, Experiment two included idioms where direct retrieval was disrupted by a phrase-terminal linguistic communication switch into French (east.g., break the slippery, spill the fèves). Switched idioms were read comparably to switched literal phrases at early on stages, but were penalized at later stages. These results collectively suggest that L2 idiom processing is mostly compositional, with direct retrieval playing a lesser role in figurative meaning comprehension. Full article

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Open Access Article

The Role of Task Complication and Dominant Articulatory Routines in the Acquisition of L3 Spanish

Abstruse

Many studies in L3 phonetics and phonology have found that language dominance plays an influential function in determining the source of transfer. However, any issue of language dominance is probable dependent on many factors, including job complication. As complexity increases, learners should be [...] Read more than.

Many studies in L3 phonetics and phonology have found that language dominance plays an influential role in determining the source of transfer. Notwithstanding, any effect of language dominance is probable dependent on many factors, including task complexity. As complexity increases, learners should be increasingly likely to rely on the more automatic articulatory routines from their dominant language. Nosotros tested this hypothesis by examining the production patterns of L1 Mandarin–L2 English language–L3 Spanish speakers acquiring the Spanish tap and trill, performing a less complex discussion-reading task and a more than circuitous sentence reading task. The results of the former were reported in a previous study, revealing that the speakers transferred the L2 English [ɹ] and [ɾ] to some extent when acquiring the Spanish rhotics. We hypothesized that such transfer would be less prevalent in the same speakers performing the judgement reading task. The results revealed some support for the hypothesis. Transfer of L2 [ɾ] decreased in the sentence reading task, equally did transfer of L2 [ɾ] (in trill productions). L2 [ɹ] substitutes did not vary with task. The results highlight that transfer from previous languages is partially dependent on task. Future work should plant when and to what extent language potency influences the source of transfer. Full article

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Open Admission Article

In Between Description and Prescription: Analysing Metalanguage in Normative Works on Dutch 1550–1650

Abstract

This newspaper is the first to perform a systematic quantitative analysis of the arguments used to motivate selections in grammatical entries from normative works on Standard Dutch written between ca. 1550 and 1650. Thus, it aims to obtain insight into what language ideologies [...] Read more.

This paper is the starting time to perform a systematic quantitative analysis of the arguments used to motivate selections in grammatical entries from normative works on Standard Dutch written betwixt ca. 1550 and 1650. Thus, it aims to obtain insight into what language ideologies were characteristic of this early modernistic menses, what these reveal near how Standard Dutch took shape in its initiating stage, and what the differences are between the codification of Dutch in the early mod menstruation (16th/17th century) and the (post)modern period (20th/21st century; analysed in earlier studies). Although sure problems inside the annotation method need to exist addressed in future research, the results bespeak that the post-obit principles were particularly characteristic of the early modern menses: for Dutch to be a good linguistic communication in terms of its grammar, it ought to differentiate, brandish consistency, mirror Latin and Greek, and reverberate the utilise of certain authorities. These linguistic principles course the roots of the role of the Dutch standard language ideology (SLI; which, as previous enquiry has shown, came into existence in the decades around 1800) that connects 'linguistic communication' with 'norm' and that bestows value on the language's regularity. However, the additional connection to social identity, that forms a second and crucial office of the SLI, played no major role in the arguments used in this time catamenia yet. Moreover, two important differences between the early modern period and the (post)modern period were institute: (one) the latter catamenia showed a higher degree of consensus and therefore of canonisation of the normative discourse than the sometime period; (two) the nature of the metalanguage used in normative publications was explicitly prescriptive in the subsequently menstruum but mostly ostensibly descriptive/implicitly prescriptive in the earlier flow. This indicates that, in terms of the metalanguage used, the normative discourse in the formative menses of Standard Dutch was in between description and prescription. Full article

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Open Access Article

Perception of Hidden Confidence in Neutral Expressions: Interactions of Facial Attractiveness, Self-Esteem, and Names to Be Addressed by

Abstract

Even when a person is portraying a neutral expression, their internal feelings can exist reflected subtly on their face up, and observers can perceive them. A previous study took facial photographs of female person models while wearing attractive and unattractive clothing. Although the models displayed [...] Read more.

Even when a person is portraying a neutral expression, their internal feelings can be reflected subtly on their face up, and observers tin perceive them. A previous report took facial photographs of female models while wearing attractive and unattractive clothing. Although the models displayed neutral expressions for both cases, their faces while wearing attractive habiliment were perceived equally more than attractive because, information technology was argued, the bonny article of clothing raised their confidence, which was observable on the neutral faces. The present written report aimed to replicate this. Envisaging beingness addressed by a specific name (given name, nickname, and formal title) are used to modify the models' internal states instead of wearable. 20-i Japanese models took three photographs of their faces while imagining (ane) beingness addressed by names they like, (two) beingness addressed by names they dislike, and (3) beingness addressed by their surnames with titles. A number of Japanese observers viewed three images of the same model at once and ordered them according to their bewitchery (Study one) and confidence (Study 2). The images in condition (1) were perceived every bit more attractive/confident than other images. This suggests that being addressed by the proper name nosotros like tin raise our confidence momentarily, and it reflects subtly in neutral expressions. Total commodity

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Open Access Commodity

A Quantitative Approach to Microvariation: Negative Mark in Cardinal Romance

Abstract

This work presents an exploratory data analysis of the syntactic distribution of pre- and postverbal negation (N1 and N2) in a corpus of data gathered from 2 linguistic atlases, the Linguistic Atlas of France (ALF) and the Italo-Swiss Atlas (AIS). Metadata concerning the [...] Read more than.

This work presents an exploratory data assay of the syntactic distribution of pre- and postverbal negation (N1 and N2) in a corpus of data gathered from two linguistic atlases, the Linguistic Atlas of France (ALF) and the Italo-Swiss Atlas (AIS). Metadata concerning the distribution of N1 and N2 across dialects and syntactic contexts are analyzed with the r package Rbrul. Multiple logistic regression allows the states to assess how contained variables affect the presence/absence of N1/N2. Geographical and grammatical factors are examined; the latter concern mainly clause typing and negative concord, i.e., the co-occurrence of clausal negation and a negative give-and-take. The data from the ii atlases are first analyzed separately and eventually merged in order to strengthen the statistical significance. Both geographical and grammatical factors prove to be significant. In particular, the preliminary findings show that N1 is more likely retained in sentences containing another negative give-and-take, the incidence of N1 varies according to the type of co-occurring negative discussion, and veridicality has a mild result on N2 merely not N1. Full article

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Open Access Article

Why Is Inflectional Morphology Difficult to Borrow?—Distributing and Lexicalizing Plural Allomorphy in Pennsylvania Dutch

Abstruse

In this article we examine the allomorphic variation establish in Pennsylvania Dutch plurality. In spite of over 250 years of variable contact with English, Pennsylvania Dutch plural allomorphy has remained largely distinct from English, except for a number of loan words and borrowings [...] Read more.

In this article we examine the allomorphic variation establish in Pennsylvania Dutch plurality. In spite of over 250 years of variable contact with English language, Pennsylvania Dutch plural allomorphy has remained largely distinct from English language, except for a number of loan words and borrowings from English. Adopting a One Feature-I Head (OFOH) Architecture that interprets licit syntactic objects every bit spans, we argue that plurality is distributed beyond different

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-types, resulting in stored lexical-trees (50-spans) in the bilingual mental lexicon. Nosotros expand the traditional characteristic inventory to be 'mixed,' consisting of both semantically-grounded features also as 'pure' morphological features. A key merits of our analysis is that the south-exponent in Pennsylvania Dutch shares a syntactic representation for native and English-origin

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, although it is distinct from a 'monolingual' English representation. Finally, we highlight how our handling of plurality in Pennsylvania Dutch, and allomorphic variation more generally, makes predictions nearly the nature of bilingual morphosyntactic representations. Total article

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Open Access Feature Newspaper Article

Compound-Internal Linguistic communication Mixing in American Norwegian

Abstruse

This paper investigates cases of compounding in the heritage linguistic communication American Norwegian (AmNo), where elements from Norwegian and English are mixed word-internally, e.one thousand., hoste-candy 'cough processed', where the Norwegian item hoste 'coughing' is combined with the English language particular processed. Norwegian and English language [...] Read more.

This paper investigates cases of compounding in the heritage language American Norwegian (AmNo), where elements from Norwegian and English are mixed give-and-take-internally, east.g., hoste-candy 'cough candy', where the Norwegian particular hoste 'cough' is combined with the English language item candy. Norwegian and English create compounds in similar ways, but with certain important differences, due east.chiliad., the use of linking elements. Based on information from the Corpus of American Nordic Voice communication, we investigate the meet of these ii languages within i discussion and detect that both Norwegian and English lexical items occur as both left-hand and right-hand members of mixed compounds. Moreover, these mixed compounds are more often than not accompanied by Norwegian functional items. Hence, nosotros argue that the overall structure of mixed compounds in AmNo is Norwegian, and English language lexical items may exist inserted into specific positions. This is successfully analyzed in a DM/exoskeletal model of grammar. We bear witness that our results are in line with what we look based on previous accounts of AmNo language mixing and Norwegian compounds, and our specific focus on compound-internal mixing provides a novel perspective and new insights into both the construction of compounds and the nature of language mixing. Total commodity

Open up Access Commodity

Diagnostic Assessment of Academic Reading: Peeping into Students' Annotated Texts

Abstract

Text annotations are literacy practices that are non uncommon in the reading experience of academy students. Annotations may be multilingual, monolingual, or multimodal. Despite their enormous diagnostic potentials, annotations have not been widely investigated for what they can reveal nigh the cognitive processes [...] Read more.

Text annotations are literacy practices that are not uncommon in the reading feel of university students. Annotations may be multilingual, monolingual, or multimodal. Despite their enormous diagnostic potentials, annotations have not been widely investigated for what they can reveal nigh the cognitive processes that are involved in bookish reading. In other words, there has been limited exploration of the insights that signs (exact and non-verbal) inscribed by students on texts offer for understanding and intervening in their bookish reading practices. The aim of this exploratory report is to examine the diagnostic assessment potentials of student-annotated texts. On the ground of text annotations obtained from teacher trainee students (n = 7) enrolled at a High german university, nosotros seek to understand what unlike students nourish to while reading, what their problem-solving strategies are, what languages and other semiotic systems they deploy, what their level of engagement with text is, and, critically, how the foregoing provide a basis for intervening to validate, reinforce, right, or teach sure reading skills and practices. Theoretically, the study is undergirded by the notion of text movability. Data suggestive of how students journey through text are argued to have implications for understanding and teaching how they manage attention, use dictionaries, own text meaning, and appraise text. Full commodity

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Open up Access Article

The Interpretation of Implicit Arguments in Paraguayan Guaraní

Abstract

Paraguayan Guaraní allows for implicit arguments, that is, arguments that are neither cross-referenced on the verb nor realized past an independent noun phrase. Edifice on prior description of the distribution of implicit arguments in the language, this paper describes the interpretations such arguments [...] Read more than.

Paraguayan Guaraní allows for implicit arguments, that is, arguments that are neither cross-referenced on the verb nor realized by an contained noun phrase. Building on prior description of the distribution of implicit arguments in the language, this newspaper describes the interpretations such arguments can receive. Specifically, the paper shows that implicit arguments in Paraguayan Guaraní can receive elided and existential interpretations, in addition to the anaphoric interpretation described in prior piece of work. Full commodity

Open Access Article

2d Language Assessment Bug in Refugee and Migrant Children's Integration and Education: Cess Tools and Practices for Young Students with Refugee and Migrant Background in Greece

Abstract

European countries—Greece included—recognize the fact that the language of schooling in the host land constitutes the first step for the newcomer children'due south reception and integration. Greece, equally a dominant receiving country, has adopted a top-level policy for its educational arrangement. Considering the above, [...] Read more.

European countries—Hellenic republic included—recognize the fact that the language of schooling in the host country constitutes the first pace for the newcomer children's reception and integration. Greece, as a ascendant receiving country, has adopted a acme-level policy for its educational arrangement. Considering the to a higher place, this research newspaper presents and analyzes the assessment tests and practices that educators have admission to for evaluating refugee and migrant students' L2 Greek competence in Hellenic republic. A detailed presentation of the Assessment Tools for Refugee and Migrant children in Hellenic republic is provided, with a focus on teachers' attitudes and beliefs toward these materials and tools. The appropriateness of the bachelor assessment tools and practices regarding the linguistic and social needs of refugee and migrant children in the Greek context will also exist discussed. Findings show that teachers' perceptions regarding both tests and practices for refugee and migrant students during an initial and determinative language cess vary. It is of import to country, though, that the vast bulk of the educators feel very sure and comfortable when assessing the linguistic skills of their students. Total commodity

Open Access Article

Gender Agreement in a Language Contact Situation

Abstract

Gender agreement between determiners and nouns, and gender agreement betwixt third-person clitics and their referents, are notoriously difficult to learn past bilingual speakers who lack them in their first linguistic communication, or in one of their first languages. Nosotros nowadays a written report that explores [...] Read more.

Gender agreement between determiners and nouns, and gender understanding between third-person clitics and their referents, are notoriously difficult to larn by bilingual speakers who lack them in their first language, or in ane of their first languages. We present a report that explores the differences between gender agreement between a determiner and a substantive and gender agreement between clitics and antecedents or doubled DPs among Shipibo-Spanish speakers. The oral production data that were elicited from 17 developed Shipibo-Spanish bilinguals by using a flick-based narration chore show a notable departure in the understanding patterns between nouns and determiners, and between clitics and their antecedents/doubled DPs. Like patterns are constitute amid five Spanish-Shipibo bilinguals who were living in the same contact situation. While the participants consistently marked strong gender understanding within the DPs, a lack of gender specification was plant in the agreement between clitics and antecedents or doubled DPs in the clitic-doubling and dislocated structures. These results are not unexpected every bit they mirror the results from previous work, where the clitic gender does not systematically match the antecedent gender, particularly with feminine antecedents or doubled DPs. Furthermore, this study confirms previous prove that the gender-specific clitics, lo/la, have been replaced by the changeless clitic, le, in contexts where agreement with a doubled DP or an antecedent is expected. In contrast, at that place is evidence of agreement betwixt determiners and nouns in this group of bilinguals. These facts allow us to conclude that, although gender is present in Shipibo-Spanish bilingual speakers' grammar, it is largely absent and is not operative in Shipibo-Spanish speakers' clitic understanding in oral product. Full article

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Open Admission Article

How and When to Sign "Hey!" Socialization into Grammar in Z, a 1st Generation Family Sign Linguistic communication from United mexican states

Abstruse

"Z" is a young sign language developing in a family whose hearing members speak Tzotzil (Mayan). Iii deaf siblings, together with an intervening hearing sis and a hearing niece, formed the original cohort of signing adults. A hearing son of the original signer [...] Read more than.

"Z" is a young sign language developing in a family whose hearing members speak Tzotzil (Mayan). Iii deaf siblings, together with an intervening hearing sis and a hearing niece, formed the original cohort of signing adults. A hearing son of the original signer became the get-go native signer of a second generation. Z provides bear witness for a classic grammaticalization chain linking a sign requesting attending (HEY1) to a pragmatic turn-initiating particle (HEY2), which signals a new utterance or modify of topic. Such an emergent grammatical particle linked to the pragmatic exigencies of communication is a primordial example of emergent grammar. The affiliate presents the stages in the son's language socialization and acquisition of HEY1 and HEY2, starting at xi months, through his subsequent bilingual development in both Z and Tzotzil, jointly deploying other communicative modalities such every bit gaze and bear on. It proposes a series of stages leading, by 4 years of age, to his understanding of the complex sequential structure that using the sign involves. Acquiring pragmatic signs such as HEY in Z demonstrates how the grammar of a language, including an emergent sign language, is built upon the practices of a language community and the basic expected parameters of local social life. Full commodity

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Open Admission Article

Contact-Induced Change in the Domain of Grammatical Gender in Pontic Greek Spoken in Georgia

Abstruse

This paper presents an empirical study on the cross-linguistic influence of contact languages (Turkish, Georgian and Russian) in the domain of grammatical gender in Pontic Greek spoken by the Pontic-speaking community of Georgia. The study is based on corpus information nerveless during several [...] Read more.

This newspaper presents an empirical report on the cross-linguistic influence of contact languages (Turkish, Georgian and Russian) in the domain of grammatical gender in Pontic Greek spoken by the Pontic-speaking customs of Georgia. The study is based on corpus information collected during several periods of fieldwork inside the Pontic-speaking community of Georgia. The questions addressed in the newspaper are: What innovations can be observed in the understudied diversity in the gender domain, and, if any innovation is observed, are they due to the touch on of contact languages? I argue that contact-induced changes in the gender domain manifest themselves in the assignment of gender to loan nouns, and contribute to the establishment of the default gender value. The main findings reveal that, in comparing with other Pontic varieties, this variety is on the one mitt more sensitive to the animacy bureaucracy, and, on the other, shows increased use of the feminine gender every bit a outcome of the incorporation of feminine loans from a gendered linguistic communication, i.e., Russian. Full article

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Source: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/languages

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